The Effects Of Organic Food On Our Lives - 1581 Words

Our country today is diverse in so many ways; food, music, languages, ethnicities, etcetera. People who live in the United States are from all over the world and therefore, they all have different customs. One thing that everyone shares is the fact we all care about where our food comes from and how it impacts our bodies. Now, some people care about it more than others but we all want to have an idea of where our food is coming from and how it is being produced and imported. One path that people are going down the most is buying organic products. Organic food is not the same as natural food. Many people think they are the same thing but it is a common mistake to believe so. Natural foods are foods that are grown at a farm and the farmer chooses his or her own way of growing the plant or raising the animals. They normally use synthetic or chemical fertilizers, chemical herbicides, and synthetic pesticides when growing their plants. For their meat, dairy, and eggs they give their lives tock growth hormones, non-organic feed, antibiotics, and the animals likely do not have access to the outdoors. Organic foods, however, must follow specific requirements implemented by the USDA, FDA, and NOP. For plants to be classified as organic they must be grown with natural fertilizers, naturally-derived pesticides, and must have crop rotation, hand weeding, mulching, and tiling. For their meat, dairy, and eggs the livestock must be given organic feed, and they must provideShow MoreRelatedOrganic and Inorganic Food683 Words   |  3 PagesBetween Organic and Unorganic Food As we know, food is the most important thing in our lives. We can not live without food, it sounds redundant but that is the reality. Imagine if we do not eat any food in a day, we will get very not powere because we do not get the strength that is contained in food. We realized this important thing and now we have found that there are two types of food, organic and unorganic food. Many people still missunderstanding about the definition of organic and unorganicRead MoreHarmful Effects Of Eating Conventional Food1405 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone knows organic foods have increased in popularity with the idea that it’s healthier than conventional foods. But with the lack of proof many people have a hard time backing up this idea. The nonbelievers would argue the lack of proof is evidence enough to not question conventional methods of making food, yet there remains a large group of people that would argue in favor of organic foods anyway. These organic food supporters tend to base their opinions off of the harmful effects pesticides haveRead MoreOrganic Farming The Eco System Super Hero1477 Words   |  6 PagesOrganic Farming the Eco System Super Hero The agriculture farming industry needs to wake up and see the harm that conventional farming is doing to our beloved planet earth and realize that organic farming could be our planets superhero. Conventional farming uses a high level of nitrogen to help crops grow in mass production. These fertilizers sometimes get into the normal irrigation and eventually end up in rivers and oceans. A 2004 United Nations article estimated that most of the 160 million tonsRead MoreAdvantage Of Organic Food776 Words   |  4 Pagesconsuming organic food, far outweigh the important matters. Organic food precedes a healthful life, in the long term it works in favor of a persons health in general. It also creates more jobs by producing organic food. Animals are organically fed and live in a more acceptable habitat. In recent studies, researchers found that with the significance of living a healthy lifestyle being profusely clear, healthy food alternatives are actually within the public attention. The high demand for organic foodRead MoreOrganic Food : An Art1512 Words   |  7 PagesOrganic Food â€Å"To eat is a necessity, but to eat intelligently is an art† (Francois De La Rochefoucauld). For the past few years’ organic food has become very popular among today’s society. The topic has been spread across headlines of magazines for example, men’s and women’s health magazine. Organic food has made for some very intriguing and diverse conversions on documentaries, talk shows, and health seminars. Organic food is plain and simple it is the process inRead MoreThe Benefits of Organic Food to Human Health1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe benefits of organic food to human health. Organic refers to the way agricultural foods is produced and processed. It is using methods and materials that are of low impact to the environment. And the primary goal is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants and people. Research published in a 2001 study showed that the current fruit and vegetables that are conventionally grown in the United States have about half the vitamin content of theirRead MoreOrganic Futures : The Case Of Organic Farming1213 Words   |  5 PagesWith third world countries barely beginning modern day agriculture practices, they are looking for an easy, effective, sustainable, method to produce food for themselves and their families. Adrian Myers the author of Organic Futures: the Case of Organic Farming writes: â€Å"†¦with the recent growth of organic and sustainable agriculture in Third World countries, are extremely hopeful signs. The thought, therefore, of writing about the worst aspects of con ventional farming was daunting† (Myers 87). TheseRead MoreAre Gmos Beneficial For Human Consumption?1407 Words   |  6 Pages(GMOs), most of us will readily agree that consumption of GMOs will cause long-term health concerns. A number of people who have been consuming GMOs have recently suggested, that GMOs are safe to consume because they have better nutrition’s than organic foods do. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of are GMOs beneficial for human consumption? Genetically Modified Organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineeringRead MoreHow Junk Food Could End Obesity1569 Words   |  7 Pagesenergy-rich foods. And undeniably, this love affair has led to an obesity epidemic. In spite of the evidence against processed food, however, there are some who believe the problem may hold the key to the solution. David Freedman, author of â€Å"How Junk Food Could End Obesity,† criticizes Michael Pollan for his argument in support of unprocessed, local foods due its impracticality. Freedman’s criticism is based on the idea that â€Å"It makes a lot more sense to look for small, beneficial changes in food than itRead MoreThe Use Of Pesticides And Growth Hormone1530 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuing to increase, the demand for food is higher than ever. A growing population means more demand on food. â€Å"The world population will rise to 9.3 billion in 2050 and surp ass 10 billion by the end of this century.† (Sanyal) This should say something about our growing population that is still continuing to grow to this day. This increase in food demand also calls for more efficient ways of growing and providing food without causing any damage to our environment or our health. Two methods that can be

Interpersonal Communication Reflective Paper - 1020 Words

In this new school year, I come to the HKBU College of international education for studying. I find my first new friend in here, a girl who called Evelyn. And my topic of this reflective paper is about the relationship between my new friend Evelyn and me. I met Evelyn on 17th September, my first school day in CIE. I remembered that was Evelyn says hi to me first and she sit next to me. This situation really applies the self-fulfilling prophecy I learnt in my IPC lesson. It is because I have asked Evelyn that why she would chose to say hi to me but not the others. She answers that it is because she predicts me is friendly at first. Then she acted as if I was a friendly person. As she acts toward me, I become comfortable and friendly. At†¦show more content†¦During the communication, we can both get the feedback from the others and we will share our opinions. However, the interpersonal communication concept I can mostly applied in our communication is the Gender Communication. It is because our range of talking topic is really large. I remembered that there is a day I go shopping with Evelyn and a friend who is a boy. The topics we talked are jumping and jumping. We discuss at the clothes first, and then when I saw the yogurt, we change the topic to food suddenly. If I have a phone call, I still can listen to Evelyn then catch up the conversation after I finished the call. It really shows that women are multitrack, we can talk about several subjects at the same time. But our boy friend becomes confused from our conversation. Therefore, he will let us keep our talking continue. If he has any question from our conversation, he will ask us. Up to now, I think the relationship between Evelyn and me is developed quite well. Everything is good, at least we still not yet have conflict. And I will find some method to prevent the conflict happen in the future. I will have both empathic, objective and active listening from every conversation with Evelyn. Keep using the S-O-F-T-E-N formula with my friend every day. Also, I will try my best to apply more Adult self but not the Parent self. I willShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Reflective Paper2497 Words   |  10 PagesWeek 5 final: Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Reflective Paper    Our ability to communicate well with others is important to personal and professional success. The interpersonal communications course is planned to help us in being familiar with the system of effective, and to assess our own interpersonal ability to sharpen our critical understanding of the communication, also to improve the interpersonal skills. Mainly assess our interpersonal skills and to put in goalsRead MoreSummary With ever increasing pace of change and complexity within businesses, it is easy to900 Words   |  4 Pagesaround the globe. Likewise it is easy to see why the traditional methods of management development are no longer producing the desired pace and quality of results. Typically the effective management aspects include problem solving, interpersonal communication, decision making, conflict management, negotiation, team building and motivation. To achieve these eminent skills with the accurate quality of management, an individual must begin with strengthening the skills that complement his/herRead MoreTeam Development Process And Steps1596 Words   |  6 Pagesteam members and the performance of the team. The Task 2 section describes the importance of emotional intelligence on team performance. The Task 3 section addresses the issue of interpersonal skills and their influence on teams. The Conclusions section presents some of the most important issues addressed by this paper. Introduction Teams are represented by groups of people that are characterized by common goals and objectives, similar approaches, and that are working together towards reachingRead MoreIntrapersonal Communication And Self Concept, Perception And Expectation Of Oneself1094 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship is the communication with self or what in social cultural theory termed private inner speech. Intrapersonal commination is the foundation for all communication. It is defined as communicating with one self, thinking and self-talk. Intrapersonal communication involves knowledge, goals, strength, moods, limitations, agitation desires and inspiration. It is frequently for the purpose of clarifying a scheme or to scrutinize a situation. Other time, intrapersonal communication is tackled in orderRead MoreIn This Assignment, It Is Required From The Author To Provide1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelop and utilize interpersonal skills to maintain the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Therefore, th e Gibb’s (1988) model was used for the reflective writing as it is widely used by health professionals and is recognized as the framework of reflective writing. â€Å"Gibbs (1988) consists of six successive steps which includes; description of an event, feeling encountered, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan for future practice† (Brooker Waugh, 2013). Reflective practice is an essentialRead MoreEffective Listening Skills1097 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Beachum Effective Listening Strategies Paper BSHS 385 October 12, 2015 Audra Stinson Effective Listening Strategies Paper The understanding of what effective listening is and what it means is a vital part of the role of human service provider. Effective listening means more than just hearing what your client is saying to you when they are in a session. Effective listening means that you as the provider are able to understand their body language and other nonverbal cuesRead MoreExplain Stretegies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication1392 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Care(Communication) . btec national diploma in health and social care level (1C) | Unit 1: Developing effective communication in health and social care | P4: explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. | | | For this question I am going to explain strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactionsRead MoreFather Daughter Relationships : Examining Family Communication Patterns And Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction1312 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle, â€Å"Father-Daughter Relationships: Examining Family Communication Patterns and Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction† by Narissra Maria Punyanunt-Carter, published in the Communication Research Reports: Volume 25, No. 1, on February 1, 2008, presents the findings from a study concerning the interpersonal communication satisfaction between fathers and daughters as a result of their communication patterns. Punyanunt-Carter begins her paper by providing details from a literature review she conductedRead MoreMultiple Intelligence And Learning Styles981 Words   |  4 Pagesfall under Gardner’s logical intelligence, as other students. He su ggested that certain people excel at particular intelligences more than others. The eight types of intelligence include linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist (Conrod, 78). There is also a ninth intelligence called existential intelligence but Gardner believed that there was not enough evidence to prove this and that it is weaker than the other eight. Gardner proposed theseRead MoreLanguage and Culture1039 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences in cultural language: what is the significance and how does it affect the world? As the world becomes more interconnected by technological advances, the need for interpersonal communication among different cultures has become evidently clear. It is quite obvious that ones culture affects almost all of ones communication behaviors. In â€Å"Language Reflects Culture,† and article written by Margaret Cote, she states that â€Å"language determines the way a person views the w orld† (Cote, 1985). She

Marketing and Red Bull free essay sample

Who are Red Bull? s greatest strengths and risks as more companies (like Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Monster) enter the energy drink category and gain market share? Strengths There are six marketing lesions from Red bull which gives them competitive advantage 1. Embrace a sense of purpose 2. Beyond Big Society: do more than grow your bottom line 3. Move beyond ROI: pitch for emotional impact 4. Embrace ‘extreme marketing’ 5. Behaviour trumps brand values 6. Place commitment above all things Also Red Bull follows ADIA model: A= Attention: To acquire our attention, Red Bull launches a series of promotional strategies; their marketing is mainly based on the â€Å"3 pillars of Red Bull; Sampling, Advertising, Sponsoring†. This means that next to normal advertisements, they drive around in Red Bull –modified cars handing out cans of red bull and sponsor big extreme sports events and competitions. In this way Red Bull is not just promoting their energy drink but is also selling a lifestyle, seemingly people are willing to be a part of this Red Bull extreme sports lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Red Bull or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I= Interest: To maintain consumer interest in the product Red Bull host or sponsers many customer friendly events D= Desire Red Bull’s smart use of social media and branded content Red Bull is playing a smart game. Branded content is a huge area in social media at the moment but most brands get it so wrong by focusing on peppering their logo and branding on everything but Red Bull understand the subtle nature of this medium. The key to branded content is creating something that people want to watch and share but at the same time that fits in with the core values of your brand. A= Action As for actually implementing on market share Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world, with over 3 billion cans sold every year. In 2010, more than 4. 204 billion cans were sold in over 161 countries. 7,758 employees generated 3. 78 billion euros in turnover! Risks * Strong brands in other industry segments with strong marketing strategies * Expensive promotion costs (Kotler amp; Keller, 2012) * How they could attract new markets (take advantage that their consumers are getting old) 2. Should Red Bull do more traditional advertising? Why or why not? No, because Res Bull? IMC (Integrated Marketing Communications) strategy is effective and accurate. Red Bull does not do direct advertising, they promote sports and extreme events in order to attract their main target (young people from 16 to 29 years old). According to (Kotler amp; Keller, 2012) theory, Red Bull is using an emotional appeal message due to it is trying to create emotions to motivate a purchase. Non-personal communication channels (Kotler amp; Keller, 2012): This means that Red Bull does not use personal contact or feedback; conversely, they create atmospheres (sports events) and events (Bull Stratos) to stimulate buyers. . Discuss the effectiveness of Red Bull? s sponsorships, for example, Bull Stratos. Is this a good use of Red Bull? s marketing budget? Where should the company draw the line? Red Bull? s sponsorships have created good public opinion and goodwill. In addition, these kinds of events are directed to Red Bull? s market target: young people. Red Bull? s promotion mix is accurate due to the combination between promotion tools.

Using Your Resume on the AMCAS Essay

Sometimes, advice with the very best of intentions can mislead you. Such is the case when it comes to AMCAS essays. Almost all candidates for medical school have received this advice:Your AMCAS statement should not be a text version of your resume.Well, of course not. But this advice is widely misunderstood, apart from the fact that the order of presentation that appears on your resume may actually be the ideal order of presentation for your essay. But we will get to that in a moment.Here is the problem with the advice: Many candidates take it very seriously, understanding that it is well-intentioned, and they follow it much too zealously. Following the advice, they avoid consulting their resume (which has all of the best material about them), thinking mistakenly that they are supposed to present a personal biography that explains why they want to become a doctor and that avoids repeating anything on the resume.No, no, no.Of course you do not want to present a written text in which y ou have transcribed, with the use of a few verbs and prepositions, the bullet items on your resume. That is not what I am talking about. The point is that for many candidates, possibly for you, your resume is your answer!What three achievements on your resume best depict you as an aspiring doctor? Could you write a paragraph about each one? There’s the core of your essay (less the intro and conclusion).Apart from this misunderstanding – that one must avoid one’s resume when writing the essay – there is another misunderstanding which your resume can help you sidestep as well. Many candidates believe that they are obliged to identify a point in time when they decided to become a doctor.No, no, no.Even if in your case there was, in fact, such a moment, don’t go there. Please. Such a reference can lose your reader because it will come across as a clichà ©. That said, it is true that identifying a specific moment in time can â€Å"ground† an ess ay and help you build rhetorical momentum. A better approach is to identify a moment in time that has â€Å"reaffirmed† your commitment to this path. And the perfect place to find such a reference is in your resume. It’s often at the top of the resume, but because some candidates think they’re not supposed to refer to the resume, they will avoid this (optimal) material. Do not make this mistake!If nothing else, your resume can provide an order of presentation that is almost sure to be more favorable to you than a chronological order of presentation – another big problem with AMCAS essays. The biggest problem with most of the AMCAS essays I see is that the first page is devoted entirely to ancient history (â€Å"I knew I wanted to be a doctor when I saw the great care that my grandmother received in her struggle with cancer twelve years ago† etc.). Again, even if this is true, you have to avoid this kind of framework for your essay, because this has become a clichà ©. This is why you are walking such a tightrope. In an earnest effort to be honest with your reader, you can get into terrible trouble.Take another look at your resume, especially if you have not glanced at it lately and are about to start your AMCAS essay. It will give you some great ideas.YOUR EDITOR’S ROLEYour editor’s role, apart from providing perfect English, is to help you identify and develop the material that can sell you to the reader. It is probably right in front of you, and you may not even be able to see it. Your editor can help you find it. Your editor is actually your marketing consultant.Even more importantly, your editor can help you know when to provide details and when not to. The AMCAS essay is especially tricky because some programs use individual readers and some use reader teams, and the resume is not always available to readers. So providing just the right amount of detail in the essay can go a long way toward making it work.

Hope Inema Essays - Gender Role, Human Behavior, Role Theory, Gender

Hope Inema Essays - Gender Role, Human Behavior, Role Theory, Gender Hope Inema Bridget Keating WGST 100 December 2, 2016 Portfolio: XX Chromosomes For this assignment, I chose to write a poem about women. Women and Gender Studies as a course, focuses mostly on women and their place in society. It is however saddening, that such an accumulation of knowledge leads to an understanding and cruel reality of who women are in this world. It is a shame after all these years, to still see how women still have a hard time finding themselves in society; defining their goals and have the ability to achieve them regardless of the movements that say to have established equality and Rights for women. The first stanza of my poem focuses primarily on a set of questions that are often asked in my culture when a girl/woman steps out of her comfort zone which is seen as an abomination to society. An example I give is for instance, wearing a short/mini skirt as you get ready to step out of the house which in my culture is absolute insanity to have the audacity to wear short clothing whereas initially, the parents will then say "Go back and change that skirt, now!" If for any reason, that girl happened to get raped, most people would blame her clothing as the main cause of the tragedy instead of the person having committed the act of rape and word on the street would be that the victim was asking for it by dressing in such a manner. The second stanza of XX Chromosomes takes part in comparing men and women and how women get looked down on in society. In my culture, when a woman is educated enough about sex to discuss it freely, she is looked down upon and considered to have a "hunger of sex" whilst when it is the other way around, men are praised and believed to have "sexual appeal" or to be "intelligent". The third stanza calls for awareness to establish equality and stop misogyny as it describes women's pain and fears. The fourth stanza brings out the agony of women having their bodies despised and especially their vaginas. Yes, I said "vaginas" and that's the issue. Society feels like there should be a need to censor the word "vagina" because it is somewhat "vulgar" or the body part itself is considered "disgusting" because that is what society has been socialized to believe it is. It is absolutely agonizing to think that someone could have such a thought about a woman and her body when they were given birth to by one. The fifth stanza begs for women to have a definition in society and especially in my culture as their identification is linked to other people's like for instance, bearing your father's daughter as a title instead of your given name. It clarifies that the poem is more about standing for action rather than defining the problem and waiting for someone else to think about the solution before anything can be done about it. The last stanza stands for unity as we defy the remaining crumbs of injustice against women all over the world who still suffer silently; muffled up by the cycle of wrong-doings. It notifies that the time to act is now and that together unified, women are unstoppable. It points out how because of the injustice against women, some of them go under without ever being able to achieve their dreams and reach their goals while also pointing at the fact that some of their complaints are thrown right under the bus and a good example would be in this case, in the movie 'North Country' when single mother Josey, takes matters in her hand and decides to stand up against sexual harassment in the workplace but fails so many times to get across because she is undermined. Last but not least, the video at the end of my project, is a visual of the poem as words may not have the same effect on paper as opposed to actual sound. The video brings all the emotions to life as the words make more sense having a voice. The music in the background brings out the motion of the poem and how saddening the subject is. It is mainly

Paul Whiteman Essays - African-American Music, Jazz, Paul Whiteman

Paul Whiteman Essays - African-American Music, Jazz, Paul Whiteman Paul Whiteman Ch.12 Paul Whiteman(1890-1967)= a classically trained violinist and violist who adored jazz but lacked the gift to emulate the uninhibited improvisations of the jazz musicians he admired, formed a dance band in the early twenties that played jazzy arrangements of popular and even classical melodies. Blues = a black vocal folk music, began as vocal (largely instrumental). Classical blues = based on 3 lines of text. Wild wame don?t do the blues. Urban Blues = blues pieces written for publication and professional performance. W.C. Handy = father of the blues. Boggie woogie = arrived from blues (a popular piano style with the form and harmony of the blues, but a faster tempo and a dance beat. Jelly morton = blues pianst. Combo = small instrumental ( jazz band ) a small jazz ensemble. History of jazz = from new Oreans to chicago. Louis Armstrong =(1900-1971) violent childhood in New Orleans, became gentle, he played the cornet, and then formed his own band, and moved to the trumpe t. Dixieland jazz = a white imitation of New Orleans jazz, introduced in Chicago; faster, more intense than New Orleans jazz. Sweet jazz = music with the sound and flavor of jazz, but arranged so that playing it requires little improvisation. (by Paul Whiteman, ) Rphosedy in Blue = by George Groshen (composer). (No propisation) =(sweet jazz) Harlem = in New York (jam) section (session). ==a black neighborhood in uptown new york city that became an important center for jazz. In 30?s development of (swing) big bands. Saxaphones, and clarenits, which were very important, (reed, instruments. Wood inst.) Swing = a term with many meanings, including (a) a mood of lilting spontaneity, (b) a danceable music played by the big bands in the thirties and forties. Benny Goodman(1909-1986) = king of swing. Brought big band music to national attention through his many recordings and radio programs. Count Basie(1904-1984) = was a pianist. Who defined jazz as ?music you can pat your foot to?, became one of the most popular of all big band arrangers and leaders. (leader of band in kansas City jazz. Bessie Smith = (1894-1937) most famous of all urban blues singers and surely one whose records earned the most money for their recording company. Jam = to improvise together informally. Ragtime Piano = stride piano= a jazz piano style in which the left hand alternates low bass notes (on one and three) with mid-range chords (on two and four). Cadenza = solo passage. (were orchestra stops, and a solo sings.) Ch.13 Jazz = in 1940?s a new generation of young Americans (big band music). Beebop = a complex, highly improvised jazz style, largely developed by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Charle Parker ?Bird?(1920-1955) saxophone virtuoso, style of jazz. But he also introduced new rhythmic, melodic, and improvisational techniques that lifted jazz to a different plane. Walking bass = a steadily moving pattern in the plucked string bass that has melodic as well as rhyt hmic implications. Dave Brubeck = (b.1910) was in the forefront of progressive jazz on the West Coast, where performances.(pianist and composer) who played with Dixieland and swing bands as a youngster. Unusual rythimic patterns (known for unusaul meters) also known for (take five) his song. Duke Ellington(1899-1974) pianist, composer, arranger, and ?loved band?. 3rd stream music = as coined by Gunther Schuller, the term refers to the combination, but not the blending, of jazz and classical music. Miles Davis = (1926-1991) virtuoso trumpet player, Davis was also an outstanding bandleader, composer, and innovator, who continued throughout his life to experiment with creative ideas in jazz.(he was involved cool jazz). Riff = a repeated rhythmic pattern that provides unity in jazz composition . Ella Fitzgerald = to sing scat. Bitonality = two keys at the same time. Ch. 14. Revue = costumed show with no integerated plot. A series of scenes united by a theme but without a plot. (bunch of songs). Operetta or light opera = a form of music theater in which the music and dancing are closely integrated with the plot.(show boat) example. Ziegfeld Follies = Elegant revues produced by Florenz Ziegfeld nearly every year from 1907 to 1932.(written by people from Europe). American operettas =

The Columbian Exchange had significant global consequences for Europe, Essay

The Columbian Exchange had significant global consequences for Europe, The Americas, as well as for Africa - Essay Example The most significant items that moved from Americas to the other parts of the world were potatoes and corn, which were economical to grow and nourishing. Potatoes supplied fundamental vitamins and overtime the crops became a crucial and steady part of diets across the planet. Nevertheless, traffic across the Atlantic never travelled in one direction since the Europeans introduced several livestock animals in Americas that included horses, sheep, pigs, cattle and sheep. Foods from Africa as well as the crops that came from Asia were moved to the west through the European ships. Some features of the exchange had disastrous impacts on Native Americans since disease was part of the exchange. For instance, diseases brought by Europeans like smallpox and measles resulted in death of many Native Americans (Bulliet 519; â€Å"The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade† 572-574). ... tive populations by diseases demanded labor that was met by forced movement of more than 12 million Africans in the period between the 16th and 19th century (McCook 13; Nunn and Nancy 164). There are many infectious diseases that resulted from Columbian exchange the main killers being malaria, smallpox, measles and chicken pox. Since Native Americans never experienced the diseases prior to the coming of the Europeans, the natives were immunologically defenseless. Before the invasion of the Europeans who initiated Columbian exchange, Native Americans lived in an environment relatively free of diseases since they never suffered from smallpox, measles, chickenpox or malaria. The exchange of food in the old and new worlds during Columbian exchange had considerable consequences in the world history since it increased the global provision of agricultural foods through the introduction of new species. Moreover, the invention of the Americas presented the old world with a vast amount of comp aratively uninhabited land that was suited for farming of certain crops in demand within the old world markets. Food crops such as coffee, soybeans, sugar, oranges and bananas were pioneered in the Americas and the Americas became main suppliers of those crops globally (Nunn and Nancy 163). Introduction of the various calorically rich staple crops had the benefit of growing the crops in climates that were inappropriate for cultivation of other staples. The American food crops have various demands on soil, cultivation and weather compared to former staple crops since they have different growing seasons. The American crops never compete with old world crops but rather complement them since the American crops enabled farmers to produce food in soils that were previously rated as useless

Effects of imagination on a child from the perspective of Peter Pan by Essay

Effects of imagination on a child from the perspective of Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie - Essay Example As his life is a life of dreams, his real life only being in his imagination, the writer will show how he goes between the need of nurturing and the need of nature or his concept of reality. A conclusion will be made associating the need of Peter Pan in an adults' society. We all wish to live in a wonderful perfect family with a strong mother figure. In chapter 7 Peter had saved the life of the Redskins who referred to him as "The great white father"." Secretly Wendy sympathised with them a little but she was far too loyal a housewife to listen to any complaints against father. "Father knows best", she always said..." Peter Pan served as a father figure to two groups, the set of Indians and the lost boys. He would never admit is as "it was only in Peter's absence that the lost boys could speak of mothers" (chapter 2) In chapter 6, the Little House, the lost boys "went on their knees, and holding out their arms cried, "Oh Wendy lady, be our Mother." "There was a step above, and Wendy, you may be sure was the first to recognize it. "Children, I hear your father's step. He likes you to meet him at the door." At end of the chapter, "Dear Peter, with such a large family, of course, I have now passed by best, but you don't want to change me do you?" "No Wendy... I was just think, it is only make-believe, isn't it, that I am their father. It would make me so old to be their real father." Wendy then asks."Peter what are your feelings for me? " "Those of a devoted son". The purpose was to illustrate the use of the imagination to nurture children who don't have the love of a mother and father figure. Peter Pan and Wendy formed a surrogate family for a short while. A wonderful transition from the imagination of nurture to the imagination of nature is the use of the clock. Hook was not angry to have lost his arm, he said "I want Peter Pan, who first gave the brut(the crocodile) its taste for me...by lucky chance it swallow a clock which goes tick tick inside. "When you wan t the time on the island was to find the crocodile, and hen stay near him till the clock struck" (chapter 10)He is afraid of the crocodile when he no longer can hear the tick tock of the clock, he will lose his life. This is a child's imagination of death (Chapter 5 ) . He can prevent himself from dieing. Another more playful side of childhood is to use the imagination to pretend that he can change the nature of time, events, school, people etc...."I shall pour my medicine into Nana's bowl, and she will drink it, think it is milk!" (chapter 3) Mr Darling is completely in the role of a child, the dog is in the role of a nanny, and the children are acting as though they were adults. The imagination of nature is the concept of what goes on in the present. Children think about the here and now. There is no concept of time for any of the children. "The boys on the island vary...when they seem to be growing up, which is against the rules, Peter thins them out". (chapter 5) ""He did this b ecause there is a saying in the Neverland that, every time you breathe, a grown-up dies; and Peter was killing them off vindictively as fast as possible". (chapter 11) A child's imagination dreams of a world of being able to live without the constraints of adults. What fun to have control over all the grown-up world, not to have to take medicine, and not to have to do school work. To live in a place where one could play to his heart's content. These two concepts interchange in a child's head. Wendy dreams of

Comparing Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Comparing Operating Systems Essay Operating systems are the programmes that create environment which enable the various programmes to run on a computer. That is why they are also referred to as platforms. The programmes that run on these platforms can range from simple office automation softwares that enable us to do wordprocessing to games and also device drivers. All major companies make their software for multiple platforms. By platform we mean the base environment that enables the communication between the onboard devices like the hard-disk, memory, various ports (input/output) and the functions it will carry out using other programmes that will run in that environment. For example if we look at Microsoft which makes the MS Office software that is used by most personal computers. They make MS Office for not only their own operating system namely Windows but also for MAC and also for UNIX / LINUX. The function of the Operating system is to provide an environment and background on which the other applications will run. This involves the use of Hardware like the display card, network card, sound card, printers, scanners, other input and output devices. The hardware is linked to the computer through ports and communicates with the operating system through special software known as firmware (or drivers as it is commonly known). The most common Operating Systems are: * Windows * MAC * UNIX/LINUX WINDOWS: This is developed by Microsoft and has become a major platform for personal computers around the world. The name Windows was coined for the reason that one can open more than one application at the same time and work on each one independently simply by opening them in different windows. The earlier programmes did not have this capability and it revolutionised the industry. After this popularity, various versions were developed with time and now-a-days, we see the launch of Windows Vista. Before this we had the Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows ME, Windows 98 etc. The popularity of Windows has been more so in its marketing strategy in that it has not limited itself to geographical boundaries. As a result of its becoming popular and being the most commonly used operating system also had advantages in terms of support. There were more people who had had experience of using Windows and some were able to even provide expertise and support where more advanced Microsoft support was not available e.g. in the remote areas of Africa and other rural areas. But like its popularity it had other people who liked to know more of the Operating system and who wanted to know more about how it works in the background. This led to a new breed of programmers who liked to tear things apart and learn about the mechanism of the system. These people then found ways of overriding certain functions, disabling certain features and using the system to their own advantage and a term was coined for them to be known as Hackers. Windows has had to deal with this breed of programmers to continue to hold the market and continuously trying to prove that their Operating System is safe and secure. Some of these programmers later on turned to other ways of proving their skills by developing programmes that would install themselves on the system and wreak havoc on the user by destroying the data, playing up with files and hijacking confidential information and sending it to them. These programmes are known as viruses, which like the clinical virus, avoid detection by changing form and then when the opportunity allows, do their bit of destruction. Windows uses the protocol TCP/IP to communicate with other computers. It is also the protocol that is used for communicating with the internet. MAC : This was developed by the makers of Apple Macintosh computers or Apple for short. It has upto now managed to hold a great deal of market share in the USA where it originated and incidentally, Microsoft is also based there. The MAC operating system was developed solely for use in the Apple computers and it was programmed for specific hardware that was on the Apple PCs. Unlike Windows that was developed independent of the hardware, MAC on the other hand remained dependent on the hardware and the various versions that came were designed so as to get the maximum output from the same hardware rather than for other new hardware. This was the reason that AppleMac as it was commonly called failed to capture the global market since people could not afford to buy the hardware and also the level of support was lacking beyond the borders of USA. It did try to market the concept that you need to buy the hardware only once and then just keep upgrading the software but by this time it was too late. Far East especially Taiwan, Korea, Japan and China took on the opportunity and started developing motherboards for PCs for which Microsoft was willing to supply the necessary Operating System. MAC has produced various versions so far and presently we are using MAC OS x10.5 also nicknamed Leopard just like its previous versions which were also named after the big cats. Except for the first one which was named Kodak after the Grizzly bear. Unlike Windows MAC does not have enemies of the likes of Hackers and Virus creators. It does get them but since MAC is not a popular system of the likes of Windows the Hackers and Virus programmers find it not that worthwhile to work on them. However, it does not mean that they are free from it, some people still do it and MAC also has to work around such people each time and new patches are constantly being developed. MAC uses the protocol AppleTalk to communicate with other computers. However, when it needs to go to the internet, it has to have TCP/IP protocol installed. UNIX/LINUX: Unlike the Windows and MAC this is not only an Open Source Operating System but also Freeware. By Open Source we mean that the main code of the programme on which it is based, is not secret or a property of anyone. Earlier when we talked about the Hackers getting into the operating system and disabling certain functions and enabling others to get it to work the way they want, this is exactly what an Open Source system allows one to do. One does not need to have a great deal of knowledge of programming to be able to manipulate the programme and also one does not need to worry about breaking any law by doing so. The inventors of the programme have given a basic programme along with the freehand to do whatever with it and make it work to your specific requirements. By freeware, we mean that the inventors who have created this programme do not want any money for it and it is free for anyone to download and use. Other terms in this context are the Shareware, this means that the programmer will only give you the software to use on a trial basis for a limited time so that you may evaluate it and see if it suits your needs or not. If it does, then after the trial period you may buy the full version thus avoiding any unnecessary cost that you could have incurred if it was not what you wanted. UNIX or LINUX which are both of similar nature though LINUX is the newer version, have another advantage in comparison to Windows and MAC in that, since these are Open source not many viruses or hackers try to disrupt it. However, UNIX is the main programme that hackers use to hack into either Windows or MAC since it allows you to work on the base level of the programme. UNIX also uses the TCP/IP protocol and thus one does not need to install other protocols to connect to the internet. Due to its popularity the LINUX has been taken by Sun Microsystems which is a major IT company based in Germany and they manufacture Sun computer systems. Sun computers use LINUX as their main operating system. When we run LINUX on a normal PC it is called referred to as a LINUX COMPARISON AT A GLANCE Windows MAC UNIX / LINUX * Popular around the world * Support is available even in remote areas * Uses the same protocol that is used to communicate with the internet. * Is very prone to hackers and viruses thus the creators have to constantly develop patches to overcome the threats. * Has more variety of programmes available as compared to other operating systems * Is only popular in the America * Has limited support around the world. * Is more secure than Windows in that it is not prone to hackers and viruses. * Uses the protocol AppleTalk to communicate with other Apple computers but needs the TCP/IP to communicate with the internet. * It is freeware so anyone can use it free of cost. * It is an open source system allowing one to customise it to ones own needs and requirements without fear of any legal liability. * It uses the TCP/IP protocol to communicate thus is compliant with the internet. * Most internet servers still use UNIX as their main operating system

Conductivity :: essays research papers

Super conductivity is a natural phenomenon in which certain materials such as metals, alloys, and ceramics, can conduct electricity without resistance. These materials are what we call superconductors. In a superconductor, once the flow of electrons begins, it essentially goes on forever, making it an important material to humans. Superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch scientist by the name of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. While researching properties of materials at absolute zero, this man found out that certain materials lost its resistance to the flow of electrons. For years to come, his discovery was at the head of theoretical interest. The only problem though, was that people at that time could not even think of a way to produce such a temperature, to allow materials to be superconductors at all times. This all changed in 1986 when Karl Muller and George Bednorz were working at the IBM Research Division in Zurich, Switzerland. They found a material that reached supercond uctivity at around 35 degrees Kelvin or –238 degrees Celsius. In the next year, a team of Chinese-American physicists declared that they had found a material that reached superconductivity at 92 degrees Kelvin. This was a big improvement. 92 degrees Kelvin is not a very high temperature, in fact, it is the equivalent of –181 degrees Celsius. Locating superconducting material above 77 degree Kelvin is a good thing because it means that the material will be easily produced and used. A theoretical understanding of superconductivity was advanced in 1957 by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer. Their Theories of Superconductivity became know as the BCS theory (which came from each mans last name) and won them a Nobel prize in 1972. The BCS theory explained superconductivity at temperatures close to absolute zero. However, at higher temperatures and with different superconductor systems, the BCS theory has consequently became insufficient to ful ly explain electron behavior. The Type 1 category of superconductors is basically made up of pure metals that normally show conductivity at room temperature. They require really cold temperatures to slow down molecular vibrations enough to facilitate unrestrained electron flow in agreement to the BCS theory. BCS theory suggests that electrons team up in cooper pairs in order to help each other overcome molecular obstacles. Type 1 superconductors were discovered first and require the coldest temperatures to become superconductive. They are characterized by a very sharp transition to a superconducting state.

Crimes and Misdemeanors Essay

For the past fifty years, director and actor Woody Allen has evoked much laughter from his neurotic-style comedies. Less recognized, however, is his fascinating ability in utilizing both his stunning, humorous wit along with several philosophical concepts. Such a combination creates an engaged and thoroughly entertained audience, as well as a mentally-stimulated one. In his movie â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors,† the philosophical concepts Allen touches upon deal with ethical and moral issues. What does ‘do the right thing’ really entail; why not do the opposite if it leads to one’s personal success? In the absence of a God, who’s to say whether the choices we make are right or wrong? Answering these questions say much about the way one sees the world. This movie investigates such questions by intertwining two separate, parallel plots: the tragic story of Judah, and the comedic story led by Cliff Stern . There are two key moral positions that underlie the entire movie: Those with faith in God perceive the world as morally structured, forgiving, and full of true meaning. Those who do not believe in a God see the world as empty, pitiless, and devoid of meaning. After watching this movie for the third time, a consistent metaphor that integrates these positions revealed itself. Throughout the movie, nearly every scene visually and verbally involves the use of ‘eyes’ to symbolize our perceptions on how we see the world, and how people do not see themselves and events the way others may see it. Although there are several elements, characters, and events worthy of an individual analysis, this paper will concentrate on how Allen’s film represents eyes to unveil hidden truths. To illustrate the use of ‘eyes’ in this film I will investigate its role in the lives of Judah, Cliff, and Rabbi Ben. Keep in mind that all four of these characters each wear over-emphasized glasses. Within the first few minutes of the film, Judah reveals he makes his living as an ophthalmologist. Judah’s occupation certainly comes as no coincidence, for it stems from his religious past. During a speech at a charity dinner, Judah relates to the audience this past: â€Å"I’m a man of science. I’ve always been a skeptic, but I was raised quite religiously, and while I challenged it even as a child, some of that feeling must have stuck with me. † He continues to say that his father once told him, â€Å"the eyes of God are on us always. Although he revokes his religious background, it’s apparent that this ‘feeling that stuck with him’ manifested itself in his occupation; in order to fill a void which religion would fill. With the removal of â€Å"God’s eyes,† Judah made the, perhaps unconscious, decision to take up a job that deals with seei ng†¦ thus assuming the role of God. He rhetorically asks the audience, â€Å"What were God’s eyes like? Unimaginably penetrating, intense eyes I assumed. † Judah’s relationship with his father left him with a sense of awe and fear of these â€Å"intense eyes† that could see past his deceitful acts. So, his concern with vision arises from his compulsion to hide the blemishes of his character. It’s evident that Judah sees himself as a moral man: wealth, success, and a valuable role in the community are reinforced by images of him wearing a tuxedo as he’s accompanied by his family. This â€Å"family man† portrayal describes Judah’s external appearance. Wouldn’t a man blessed with this amount of success persisted in doing â€Å"the right thing† all along? Judah’s morality is put into question once his mistress sends a letter to his wife, exposing Judah’s devious actions (Judah destroys the letter immediately before his wife sees it). Judah saw no troubles in fooling around, for his efforts made him happy and he was never caught (there is no God to see his immoral choices). The letter breaks Judah’s illusions of this fantasy world he’s been living. Judah says â€Å"it’s as if I’ve awaken from a dream,† to reinforce how he must now face reality. Interestingly enough, at this point Judah now wears a pair of glasses, when forced to look at his values and actions from a different perspective. So in Judah’s case, these glasses represent his inability to see the true nature of the world, which has now directly confronted him. Judah’s brother, Jack (who sets up for the mistress to be killed), accuses him of not â€Å"living in the real world,† due to his state of wealth and privilege. Judah’s success composes this blindness he has of the â€Å"real world. † Jack, defined as pragmatic and amoral, lives in this apparent â€Å"real world† for he represents honesty and a lack of illusions even though he exemplifies unjustness. Essentially Judah and Jack adhere to the same moral, or immoral, compass. However Jack acknowledges his lack of morality, while Judah’s success leads him to falsely believe he embodies ‘rightness. Jack represents the dark and immoral side of Judah’s consciousness. With his mistress unable to listen to â€Å"logic† and â€Å"reason† Judah states, â€Å"I manage to keep free of that real world, but suddenly it’s found me. † Darkness overpowering Judah’s conscious, results in the death of his mistress. Post-murder, guilt plagues Judah, leading him to consider confessing. The camera consistently focuses on his eyes, showing the audience Judah’s shock and dismay towards his own behavior. Afflicted with hallucinations of his religious past, he repeatedly hears the words from his father: â€Å"God sees all. Latent, unconscious beliefs in God awaken in Judah’s mind. In reference to the murder he says, â€Å"God have mercy on us, Jack† and â€Å"Without God, the world is a cesspool. † Judah’s guilt originates from his fear of getting caught as well as this â€Å"moral code† which has now been violated. Fear of â€Å"God’s eyes† or perhaps even Judahs father’s law dominate his mind as if they watch his every move, exposing his actions. The film shows Judah consistently looking left and right implying that â€Å"something† watches him. A final blatantly philosophical dialogue takes place as Judah visits his childhood house and envisions a past debate his family members had over morality. According to his father’s religious view, he will be punished even if he is not caught since â€Å"that which originates from a black deed will blossom in a foul manner. † This crime that Judah committed will some way or another be punished. As an opposition, his Aunt Mae provides the model which the film follows: â€Å"I say if he can do it and get away with it, and he chooses not to be bothered by the ethics, then he’s home free. Aunt Mae also encourages Judah’s father to â€Å"open his eyes,† disclosing the fact that six million Jews were murdered and Hitler got away with it. We all want to believe that we live in a perfect, moral world where justice is served, however this does not exhibit how the world really is. In fact, Judah proves his Aunt operates as a sort of Oracle. After a period of fear and irritability, Judah proceeds to live his happy life. Guilt passes, and the momentary belief in God grows quiet once more. One morning Judah opens his eyes and sees his conscious is guilt-free and the â€Å"crisis is lifted. Judah comes to ‘see’ that God is not watching, and in a world devoid of divine presence, all acts are permissible†¦ including murder. In Judah’s world, the â€Å"eyes of God† are attributed to himself. That determines his internal appearance. The second story line deals with a self-styled, passionate yet unsuccessful idealist filmmaker named Cliff (played by Woody Allen). In the opening of this narrative strand, Cliff delivers his beliefs on his world view to his niece after watching a movie: â€Å"Don’t listen to what your teachers tell you, just see what they look like, that’s how you’ll know what life’s really about. Cliff asserts that observing and questioning another’s motives elic its their values and true nature. Just listening and accepting the superficial, external appearance leads to a false impression and ignorance. To shatter this external appearance, Cliff uses film as a tool for exposing these lesser known ‘realities. ‘ In fact, ‘eyes’ are symbolized again through filmmaking as a method for displaying new perspectives. Relating to Judah’s world, by the film’s eye the audience maintains the ability to see past his artifice which other characters are blind to. Furthermore, in a movie that deals with God and seeing, the audience acquires those â€Å"God-like eyes† that see all; that Judah feared. In Cliff’s case, he uses film to exploit his foil, Lester. Cliff directs a documentary about television producer Lester (described as rich, famous, and successful), for a program entitled â€Å"Creative Minds. † Contrary to others, Cliff perceives Lester as shallow, pompous, and sub-mental. Lester supports his egotism by referring to his â€Å"closet full of Emmys† as an item that symbolizes material success. Cliff only directs the movie to gain financial support for his documentary about a philosopher named Professor Levy. Cliff describes his philosophical film as more substantial: â€Å"See no limos, no bimbos, no awards. This guy is just a thinker, an intellect. † The tension between Lester comes as a classic ‘flash vs. substance’ debate. Cliff prefers to create films that mentally-stimulate, rather than mindlessly entertain his audience. He wants to film quality films that matter, and have potential to change the world. Lester sees such ambitions as ‘grandiose fantasies’, favoring frivolous material that will sell and further his fame, usually synonymous with crass commercialism. In the real world, high aspirations do not pay off, you’ve got to deliver. All delivery, no essence. Flash and delivery mask our stigmas and flaws. Creativity sacrificed in return for power and money. Other characters in the film fail to see Lester’s pomposity, because they have been seduced and falsely impressed by his charisma and wealth. Cliff receives a minor victory over Lester when they preview a few scenes Cliff pulled together for the documentary. This short film reveals Lester seducing a mindless woman, compares him to Mussolini, and has his voice synced over an image of a donkey. The woman represents his shallowness, the donkey as a literal ‘jackass’, and the comparison to Mussolini represents Lester’s narcissism and hunger for power. The fact that Lester’s superficiality rewards him with power ticks Cliff off most, perhaps with a dose of jealousy. As he watches himself from this new perspective, a faint glimmer and widening of Lester’s eye acknowledges the fact that he ‘may not be perfect’ as Lester likes to put it. However he abandons the thought that he ‘deadens the sensibilities of a great democracy’ as Cliff loves to point out. In other words, this documentary was supposed to create a ‘profile of a creative mind’, however Cliff painted a picture of what he saw instead. Lester refuses to fully accept these notions, affirming this view does not represent the ‘real me’. Cliff questioned Lester’s values, and this contradiction of perceptions lead to Cliff’s removal from the film. As a sub-plot, both Cliff and Lester compete over an associate woman producer, Halley. In Cliff’s world, he believes he will truly win the girl over due to his values. The film hints at this: it shows Halley shrugging off Lester, making sarcastic comments towards him, and taking interest in Cliff’s side projects. At first, both Cliff and Halley see Lester through the same lens that the preview portrayed him as. During a wedding reception towards the end of the movie, the camera does an excellent job in illustrating how the opposite happens. A slight glimpse reveals Lester and Halley embracing each other, implying they are together. Without any words spoken, the camera depicts what Cliff thinks by focusing intensely on his eyes. A couple of things can be taken from this: Halley up until this point appears with glasses on. With Lester, she removes her glasses. Halley abandons her glasses, only after she abandons her values. With virtue thrown out the window, she nows sees the once pompous and arrogant Lester as ‘endearing’. Camera focusing on Cliff’s eyes suggests he is in utter disbelief. In his eyes, Cliff deserved the girl, for he promoted grander values. In his world, such atrocities do not occur. He utters a small phrase, â€Å"This is my worst fear realized. † The fear that the world does not operate in accordance with his inner-values. In the end, Cliff’s espoused idealism led to his ultimate downfall. Clinging to beliefs creates an illusion, an illusion that may betray us. A rabbi named Ben links together both plots. Morality, faith, and forgiveness make up Ben’s character (even Judah and Cliff refer to Ben as a ‘saint’). Ben embodies all the qualities that Judah’s father possessed, they both adhere to religious beliefs. At his core, Ben conceives â€Å"Without moral structure, there’s no basis to know how to live! † Ben relies upon objective, absolute rules to guide his behavior. Contrary to Jack, Ben represents the latent religious beliefs of Judah’s unconscious. However, Ben’s vision appears to deteriorate as the movie progresses. Ben literally goes blind in the movie. Figuratively Ben’s blindness foreshadows the coming ‘sins’ that occur, and signifies the immoral atmosphere that underlies this movie. Also, Ben’s blindness generalizes the fact that all religions are blind to the cruelty and corruption of the world. When Ben asks Judah if his issues with the mistress were resolved, he bluffs saying the woman eventually ‘gave up and moved away’. Ben responds â€Å"You got lucky! † Completely oblivious and blind to the actual murder, Ben trusts Judah’s word. As Judah’s success led to his blindness, Ben’s religion does as well. Judah points out Ben resides in the â€Å"kingdom of heaven. † In order to have faith one must disregard the negative, reinforce the positive, and believe we live in a just world. Through the lens of this â€Å"kingdom of heaven† justice is served. By dimming the lights on sinful acts, one can happily live about their life in sheltered ignorance. As the film comes to an end, a scene presents Ben sporting a pair of black glasses. These glasses indicate Ben has gone fully blind, and so has all moralities in this movie. By the end of the film, God abandoned all of society. The universe is indifferent to our actions: an apparent depiction of how the real world truly exists. â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors† illustrates an existential truth. We all have fantasies, stories we tell ourselves about our expectations of the world. These expectations usually fail to correlate with the way the world really is. We live in an imperfect and Godless world. The murderer prospers, the virtuous man fails, and the superficial succeed. The good guy does not always get the girl. Open your eyes, realize that all meaning is man-made. Realize that without an objective law mankind is free. Free to choose how we develop ourselves in this world, and where we look to for meaning. The individual is the arbiter on how to live. Our actions define us, not our dogmas. In the words of Professor Levy: â€Å"We define ourselves by the choices we make. We are, in fact, the sum total of our choices. Events unfold so unpredictably, so unfairly. It is only we, with your capacity to love that gives meaning to the indifferent universe. †

Slave Dbq

Julie Giaimo DBQ Going back to 1619, Africans were bought to America and sold to Americans as workers. It wasn’t long before slavery became a controversial issue. Over the course of almost two and a half centuries the debate of weather to continue or abolish slavery went on. The supporters and the abolitionist had their arguments on how they viewed slavery, and the government played their part too. Those who supported slavery were for the most part southerners. Senator John C. Calhoun states that slavery is a â€Å"positive good†.He says that through slavery, the conditions of the races improved physically, morally, and intellectually and the two races of black and white were brought together. Calhoun also says that the living conditions for the slaves were good and they were taken care of. But in reality, the slaves were living in shacks fearing for their lives and hoping not to get beaten by their slave owner after a long hard day of working in the blistering sun on t he plantations (document 2). Another man against the abolition of slavery is Chancellor Harper.According to Harper, the emancipated slaves would harm the economy of the United States and Europe. This is because he believed that the free laborers would strike against working for higher pays and they wouldn’t do their jobs, thus affecting the trade. The slaves did get paid but very low amounts compared to the hard work that they put into their jobs (document 3). Those were some arguments of people who supported slavery and believed that it should be continued. People who didn’t believe in slavery are known as abolitionist.

Perversion of Society essays

Perversion of Society essays In todays society a person is shaped by family, friends, and past events, but in Aldous Huxleys classic novel, Brave New World, there is no such thing as family, history and true friends. The government controls every aspect of an individual from their creation in the hatcheries to their conditioning for their thoughts and careers. In this brave new world the ideas of stability and community reign supreme, and the concept of individualism is foreign and suppressed, Everyone belongs to everyone else, after all, (47). Huxley perverses contemporary morals and concepts in Brave New World, thus distorting the ideas of materialistic pleasures, savagery versus society, and human relationships. These distortions contribute to the effectiveness of Brave New World, consequently creating a novel that leaves the reader questioning how and why. In the year A.F. 632 no pleasure is denied to the populous. Hypnopaedia is used as a device to form the moral education of children. What is taught through this method is not true ethics, but warped actions trained by words. An illustration of this is in the teaching of Elementary Sex to children. The society that Huxley created was one where having sex often and with many people was a positive course of action. Anyone who did not have multiple partners, such as Lenina or Bernard, were considered a blight to society. Society as a whole uses the act of having sex as relief from pain and emotions. A person does not have to lust for someone they merely set up a time and place for them to meet and have sex, and it is completely accepted by everyone. When sex is not enough to relieve a person from pain or loneliness they take soma, a drug that stimulates them into happiness. Unlike the drugs of present day there is no set backs from taking soma, no headaches after use, and afte r all One cubic centimetre cure ten gloomy, (60). Finally, there is the ...

Persuasive Research Paper

Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive research paper: Lead-in! Persuasive research papers are general-purpose in high school and college-level English or writing classes. The main idea of a persuasive research paper is to argue a specific side of the question. To know some statement points will be helpful for you during your writing process. Your teacher should keep you focused on the main point. But before you start creating the persuasive research paper, you first must choose an issue/problem to persuade the reader about, decide on a side of the issue to argue and research that side. Persuasive research paper: How to Write a Good Persuasive Research Paper? If you asking yourself this question, you have some doubts in correct writing research papers. However, you should know that there is no hopeless situation. You can always find a way out, and you almost had done it. If you are reading this article and recognizing yourself, it would be better to continue reading. And now, if you still want to write a persuasive research work successfully you should follow next advices:Try to make a preliminary plan/ scheme of your research paper. Write your topic/ theme at the top of the plan. This will give you a guiding point. Remember that all points in your paper, and on the plan, should move around and support the thesis. So the thesis should state the issue and the side of the issue that you are arguing. Try to use at least three main headings in your plan. Titles should begin with Roman numerals (I, II, III) Use a general title to identify definite angle on the issue/problem to persuade. As a rule, persuasive research papers begin with common information and move toward more special information. Try to use at least two paragraphs for each main heading. Do not forget that paragraphs should be numerated with the capital letters. Paragraphs are used to explain the main idea of sub-titles. Try to use as much classification as possible in your plan. Use numbers in further separation of the paragraph. Further classifications are used to give more information about each paragraph to support the argument. Now, when you have divided your persuasive research paper into parts (paragraphs, chapters), you should include all the information from your research in the parts, where it belongs. Try to use whole the variety of sources. Use citations and well-known quotations for your sources to help you remember which source to use in the research paper. Source information should not be included as one of the main category; backwards, try to use it as a paragraph. Persuasive research paper: Flashback! Try to write persuasive research paper carefully and accurately. Only in such case you will get a good result, pay attention to the subject of writing and your personal style. Pay attention to errors! When you finished creating research, take a rest and later with new forces try to check your work. Hope, this article was useful for you, and you got some experience in writing persuasive research paper.

If you followed all the laws, would that make you a moral person Why Essay

If you followed all the laws, would that make you a moral person Why or why not - Essay Example The readings further offered the insight that under such circumstances it becomes the moral responsibility of citizens in the society to oppose such laws and disobey them. Therefore, as discerned from the core textbooks and outside research, I can discern that when an individual obeys all the laws in society, it does not make him a moral person. Obeying just laws, which are intended for the common good and well being of all the citizens, is the responsibility of every citizen in a country, as emphasized in the core reading and the journal articles I accessed during the research. These are intended to maintain peace and harmony within the society and to protect the weak from the strong. Similarly, laws also seek to prevent crimes, immorality and other evils within the society. Thus, citizens are bound to obey just laws for the prevalence of peace and harmony within the human society and when they break laws they become immoral people. On the other hand, the readings from the textbook chapters and other research materials I know that when unjust laws are enacted by rulers, such laws compromise the concept of common good. Thus, many political philosophers contend that unjust laws are no laws at all but â€Å"acts of violence† (George, 2008, p.194). Human history is replete with instances of exploitation of the weak by the ruling class through discrimination and other atrocities. The Nazi regime of Hitler sets a classic example of immoral rulers, who enacted discriminatory laws for the annihilation of particular races and it was considered as a breaking of law to â€Å"aid and comfort† members of these groups (Forji, 2010, p.156). The citizens of Germany, who had a moral responsibility to live in consonance with the tenets of â€Å"justice, and love for fellow man† failed to stand up to their moral responsibility, which led to the mass murder of millions and thus entailed the violation of common good (p.156). In this context, my readings provide me the

Australian Trusts and Trustees Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Australian Trusts and Trustees Act - Essay Example The house was transferred to the congregation on a settled trust which terms included; a.) That the congregation would establish and maintain a hospice in perpetuity on the land, for the poor sick and dying in honour of the life and work of Dr Lillian Cooper, and the Hospice was to be known as ‘Olivetti Hospice’. b.) That the land would never be sold, or given out in exchange for anything else by the congregation. No fund was involved the transfer when the trust was settled. The congregation bore the cost of building and operating the hospice built on the donated land. However, the congregation soon encountered some difficulties in both the size of the land and access into it as soon as planning began for the proposed Hospice. Over the years, the difficulties have been resolved, first, by the closure of the adjoining street, and by the acquisition of other land in years subsequent to 1952. The Hospice was opened in 1957, together with a convent and a chapel. Since that t ime, the hospice has been renovated and modernized considerably, more levels and building having been added. This means, therefore, that the original hospice building is located on three different land, comprising the land donated by Miss Bedford, the obtained through the closure of street, and other land which were acquired over the years since 1952. The additional facilities constructed on the land subsequent to 1952 include; the Marycrest Retirement Centre for low care residential aged care, and the Lillian Cooper Nursing Home for high care residential age care, both operated under the name ‘Caritas Care’. In summary, the aims and purpose of the care include to ensure that; a.) A facility designed to meet the physical and emotional need of the aged and terminally sick who are poor was established and maintained in perpetuity b.) Dr Lillian Cooper’s life and work was commemorated by the said facility c.) The facility’s name is ‘Olivetti Hospiceâ₠¬â„¢. d.) The land remained protected from sale or exchange for anything. Was the term of the Trust being kept? First, the congregation had in 1962, agreed to a land swap with the Commonwealth of Australia to swap a part of the original land with a different parcel of land owned by the Commonwealth, but which was adjoining the trust land. This action was in not in conformity with the terms of the trust, to the effect that land would never be sold or be exchanged for anything, therefore, conclusion can be drawn that the term of the trust was not being kept in this regard. The original Bedford trust land has been blended into a larger parcel of land, which was created in 1976, and is used for the mission of the congregation and not for the purpose of the trust, as spelt out in the term of the trust, sees Baker v Archer-Shee (1927) AC 844. This action was also in discord with a term of the trust that demanded that the land be used for a hospice in perpetuity for the sick and dying who were poor. The amalgamation of the original Bedford Trust land into the new land, used for the mission of the congregation meant the term of the Trust in this regard was not being kept. The Mount Olivet Hospital providing other cares other than the care expressed in the term of the Trust means the term of the

Recollection. Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recollection. Socrates - Essay Example According to Socrates, the body acts as a prison confining the souls. In this state, the soul is limited in its quest to explore knowledge which is unchanging, unpredictable, and eternal. This is because when the soul is imprisoned within the body, it is forced to explore truth through the reception organs of the body which has its deficiency that prevents the soul from seeing what is real (Plato and Jowett 70). This article presents a critical response of the argument that Socrates puts forth for supporting his premise - since learning is a by-means of recollection, the soul must have existed separately before being joined to the body. Step in Socrates Argument Socrates shows that it is possible for the soul to exist before the body. He explains this through the theory of recollection. He bases his argument on the fact that it is possible for a person to give a correct answer when asked a question which he may not have had prior knowledge about the issue. This implies that people ar e born with some knowledge within them, and this means that the soul or the mind existed before birth. He illustrates this in a number of steps. First, he gives his opinion on how it would be wonderful if the soul is dissipated to nothingness in death. This is because death would be an eternal sleep undisturbed with worrying dreams; death would be a big blessing to humankind. But he argues that this is not the case. He illustrate that the soul is immortal existing before birth, and it continues to live even when the mortal body dies. He says that the belief in dispersion of the soul is a childish belief. He initially shows the immortality of the soul by outlining the cynical argument. He asserts that if it is true that the living originated from the dead, then it must be that the souls of people live in the other world. If they did not, then it would not be possible for them to be born again. He further gives examples of how opposite originates from the opposite (Plato and Jowett 71 ). For example, hot from cold, awake and asleep, up and down. One has to fall asleep in order to wake up, cold things can become hot and vice versa. This means that opposite must come from the opposites. This means that for the life to come from the dead there should be some aspect of life in the dead. He thus concludes that the dead are generated from the living through the process of death. The living, on the other hand, is generated from the dead through the process of birth. It is therefore prudent to conclude that the soul of the dead must exit somewhere when the person dies and they come back to the living when a new child is born. From this Socrates affirms his theory of learning through recollection. This is due to the fact that the soul has been reborn several times and has lived in this universe for many years; therefore, it has amassed a lot of knowledge. He concluded that all learning is just but recollection and no new knowledge is added to the mind since the soul knows it all. He further illustrates this through the use of the Mono slave boy who showed to have geometric knowledge even though they had not had this kind of learning before. He thus asserts that the body and soul are two separate entities. The body, he says, is mortal and after death is seen as the corpse. The soul, on the other hand, is divine, immortal and invisible; therefore, it outlasts the body. During the period when the soul is separated from the body (after death before rebirth), the soul is able to see life in its fullness without being limited by the body (Plato and Jowett 72). Socrates therefore sees death as a form of liberation which, for a philosophical mind, is a major

A&P 1 chapter 8 study guide Essay Example for Free

AP 1 chapter 8 study guide Essay 1)What is a joint? Functional junctions between bones 2)How are joints classified? Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial Functionally: immovable, slightly moveable, freely moveable 3)Describe the 3 types of fibrous joints. †¢Syndemosis: sheet or bundle of dense connective tissue †¢Sutures: only between flat bones of skull †¢Gomphosis: binds teeth to bony sockets 4)What is the function of the fontanels? Allows the skull to slightly change which allows the infant to pass through the birth canal more easily. 5)Describe two types of cartilaginous joints. †¢Synchondrosis: bands of hyaline unite the bones †¢Symphysis: bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and the cartilage is attached to a springy fibrocartilage. 6)What is the function of an intervertebral disc? They absorb shocks and help equalize pressure between the vertebrae when the body moves 7)Describe the structure of a synovial joint. Two bones are held together by a joint capsule composed of two layers. Ligaments help reinforce the capsule. The cavity between the bones are filled with a viscous fluid called synovial fluid. 8)What is the function of the synovial joint? Allow free movements 9)Name six types of synovial joints and describe the structure of each. †¢Ball + Socket: globular shaped head articulates with a cup shaped cavity †¢Condylar: Ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another †¢Plane/Gliding: nearly flat or slightly curved †¢Hinge: convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another †¢Pivot: the cylindrical surface of one bone fits rotates in a ring formed of a bone and a ligament. †¢Saddle: articulating surfaces have both convex and concave surfaces. 10)Define the following movements and give an example. Flexion-bending parts, angle decreases, parts come closer Extension-moving parts, angle increses, parts move farther away Hyperextension-extension beyond anatomical position  Dorsiflexion-movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin Plantar flexion-moves the foot farther from the shin  Abduction-moving part away from the midline, raising the arm Adduction-moving part toward the midline Rotation-moving part around on an axis Circumduction-moving a part so the end follows a circular path Supination-rotation of forearm so the palm is upward Pronation-rotation of forearm so the palm is downward  Eversion-turning the foot so plantar surface is facing laterally Inversion-turning the foot so the plantar surface is facing medially Protraction-moving a part forward  Retraction-moving a part backward Elevation-raising a part Depression-lowering a part 11)Describe how a movement occurs at a joint when a muscle contracts. The fibers pull the moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin) 12)What part helps to keep together the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint? †¢Coracohumeral ligament †¢Glenohumeral ligament †¢Transverse humeral ligament 13)What factors allow an especially wide range of motion in the shoulder? †¢The looseness of its attachments †¢Large articular surface of the humerus compared to the shallow depth of the glenoid cavity 14)What structures form the hinge joint of the elbow? Trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna 15)Which parts of the elbow permit pronation and supination of the hand? The head of the radius 16)Which structures help keep the articulating surfaces of the hip together? †¢Iliofemoral ligament †¢Pubofemoral ligament †¢Ischiofemoral ligament 17)What types of movements does the structure of the hip permit? †¢Flexion †¢Extension †¢Adduction †¢Abduction †¢Rotation †¢Cicumduction 18)What types of joints are in the knee? †¢Modified hinge joint †¢Plane joint 19)Which parts help hold together the articulating surfaces of the knee? †¢Patellar ligament †¢Oblique popliteal ligament †¢Arcuate popliteal ligament †¢Tibial collateral ligament †¢Fibular collateral ligament 20) Describe the following joint disorders. Sprain -over streching or tearing the connective tissues Bursitis-overuse of a joint or stress on a bursa Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)- immune system attacks body healthy tissues. Synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens. Then articular cartilage is damaged, fibrous tissue infiltrates and interferes with joint movement. Osteoarthritis-articular cartilage softens and disintegrates gradually Lyme Arthritis-casues intermittent arthritis of several joints 20)Which type of joint is the first to show signs of aging? Fibrous 21)Describe the loss of function in synovial joints as a progressive progress (while aging). †¢Begin in 30s but progresses slowly †¢Fewer capillaries serving synovial membrane; slows circulation of synovial fluid; resulting in a possibility of stiffening †¢More collagen cross-links shorten and stiffen ligaments; affecting range of motion

Normandy Essay example -- essays research papers fc

The battle of Normandy was the major turning point in the Second World War. It was a very well planned out attack of the Allies on western France against the Germans. Many people know a little about the day, but few know about the long planning, strategy, and results for both sides. At the end of November, Roosevelt and Churchill journeyed to Tehran for their first meeting with Stalin. The president and the Prime Minister had already approved, under the code name Overlord, a plan for a cross-channel attack. Roosevelt wholeheartedly favored executing Overlord as early in 1944 as the weather permitted. Chief Meteorologist for Eisenhower said, â€Å"By the time the conference was due to start we could not expect to have a complete set of surface level and upper air charts but a handful of reports from one or two critical areas west and south-west of Ireland, if consistent among themselves, would decide the issue- the terrifying issue whether Overlord would be definitely postponed for at least 24 hours or go irrevocably forward to the assault on the coasts of France at dawn next mourning†(Stagg 100-101). At Tehran, Churchill argued for giving priority to Italy and possible new offensives in the Balkans or southern France, but he was outvoted by Roosevelt and Stalin. Overlord was set for May 1944. After the meeting, the CCS recalled Eisenhower from the Mediterranean and gave him command of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), which was to organize and carry o...

Ethics and Law

This assignment focuses on Ethics and Law for Nursing and Social work which would be based on a Case Study. The case study which I have chosen is about Blood Transfusion. Nowadays Ethics and Law brings a huge impact on Nursing. The key of ethical principles underpins the health care policies and care practices. The meaning of ethics is something which the individuals performs everyday life. The other word for ethics would be ethical dilemma. Most of the time due to the intense nature of the work nurses may come across with variety of ethical dilemmas throughtout their courses and their professional careers. As a nurse the most important to carefully handle and maintain the ethical dilemmas. Ethical principles and theories is also included in this assignment. Ethical principles and theories are the foundations of the ethical analysis because they ate the viewpoints of the guidelines which can be obtained along the pathway to a decision. The ethical theories emphasise the different points of predicting the outcome and the following duties to the individuals in order to reach an ethically correct decision. however, ethical theories are useful because the theory is directed towards a common set of the goals. The ethical principles are the common goals which the theory tries to achieve in order to be success. These goals includeds Autonomy, Beneficence, non – malfiecence and justice. These 4 ethical principles has 4 different meaning which I will describe in details into my assignment. I will also mention the NMC Code of conduct which will inlclude respect, dignity, honesty, confidentiality, equity, and valuing diversity, all these would be explained in briefly into the assignment. The NMC Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct (2010) states that the individuals should be treated with respect and dignity. The health care rofessionals should recognise and maintain diversity, respect, cultural differences, values, dignity, confidentiality, and beliefs of the individuals they care for. This case study is about blood transfusion, The 70 years old man is refusing to have blood transfusion. The nurses and his relatives are also trying to convince him to have blood transfusion but he’s refusing to have blood transfusion. The reason this patient is refusing to have blood transfusion is because of his cultural differences and beliefs, the health care professionals should respect his cultural differences, beliefs and his own values towards this treatment. The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should listen to the individuals and respond to their concerns and preferences. . In the case study it suggested that the nurse has tried to convince patient to have blood transfusion but he was refusing to have blood transfusion, so it’s very important that the health care professionals should promote choices to patients so that they are aware of their treatments whether they wants to have it or not they can decide. The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that people should respect individuals rights to confidentiality and also not to disclose any information to any third person if they are not entitled to it. The health care professionals shouldn’t pass any relevant information to anyone, without patient consents. The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should ensure that they get patients consents before they begins to provide care for them, which means in the case study the nurse should get patient consent before she give blood transfusion so that the patient is aware of their treatment. The NMC Code of Conduct (2010) states that the health care professionals should be very honest and trustworthy when they are completing patients records and medical notes. The professional values are set of the moral principles and standards of the conduct, which supports the moral prestige of the professional groups in the society. The professional ethics are there to identify the moral standards and assessments, judgments and the concepts which characterise the individuals as representatives of a particular profession. The professional’s values develop norms, standards, requirements, typical to certain activities. The values are designed to educate people, and also help the individuals to behave properly with others, and communicate well at the workplace. The health care professionals should communicate with the patient with respect and dignity. Nurses shouldn’t force patient to have blood transfusion. The personal values which are ideals, beliefs, customs and characteristics which an individuals or particular group or society moderators valuable and worthwile. As a health care professionals they have to make innumerable decisions everyday how to care for patients and which sorts of care should they provide. Some of these decisions will have no moral substances. For example: the health care professionals have to decide that the patients should be bathed before breakfast has been cathegorised as a matter of experience effeciency and custom of order. (2004) thornes et al page : 46. Patient may have their own personal values to themselves, they might not prefer of having any pressure or force of having a treatment, they can decide or choose what is best for them. Ethical issues approach focuses on ethical issues that arise in practice. These are usually big moral dilemmas that be inclined to take over in the media,such as terminating life – sustaining treatment. The ethical concepts approach begins by looking at the development of the professional codes of conducts of ethics and then challenges the values that notifys practice and how significance conflicts are resolved. It also explores diverse ethical principles and concepts. (2004) thrones et al page 74 The equity of care means individuals patients or clients should be treated fairly accooding to their needs but that denies their differences and individuality. We living in multi cultural society and the codes requires nurses to promote and protect the interests and dignity of the patients and the clients, gender, age, race, ability, sexuality, economic status, lifestyle, culture, religious. (2005) chapman et al page no: 26 Autonomy it’s dominant to realise that the patients has personal autonomy and therefore they have rights to agree or disagree with the action or treatments, even refusal may result in harm or death of the individuals. In this case if a patient don’t want to have blood transfusion, the health care professionals shouldn’t force or pressure the individuals patients to have blood transfusion. This is their own choices and decisions not to have this particular treatment, so the health care professionals should not force them to have this treatment. It’s very important that the health care professionals ask consent to the patients before they begins with any treatments, so that the patients is aware of it. If a patients is egally incompetent to make an informed decision the health care professionals should try and find out about their wishes which they previously expressed in the statement for example: the living will. So if the patient was legally competent than the health care professionals should respect their choices and decisions. (2005) chapman et al page 48 Benefience and non – maleficence this imposes a duty to do good and avoid or minimise the harm of the patients. I t require the the health care professionals helps the patients and clients by promoting and safe guarding their welfare. Nurses duty is to treat individuals with respect when it involves their cultural and linguistic backgrounds, their treatments, the health care professionals should pay more attentions to their verbal and non – verbal communications when they communicate with the individuals patients. Recurrently in the line of the duties of care of the nurses come with the ethical dilemmas and the moral dilemmas which requires the health care professionals to exhibit the benefiences and non – malfiecence in agreement with the appropriate treatment for the patients. Patients has all rights to decide and choose their treatment in this case patient too incapacitate to make their needs or wishes known the nurses must lean heavily to the side of benefience. Justice which requires the equal treatment of the equal cases. It is concerned with the allcation of health resources and means that there should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, age, race, relligion. Patient shouldn’t be discriminated against their cultural differences or beliefs. The age discrimation act suggets that individuals shouldn’t be discriminated againt their age. In this essay I have discussed the case study of a patient who has been admitted to the casulty department after had a road traffic. He has sustained some severe injuries he needs blood transfusion. He refused to consent to this treatment due to his religious and beliefs purpose, although he understands that his life is at risk. He was unconscious few times. His relatives is agreed with the treatment which he will receive from the hospital but he still refused to have blood transfusion. The nurses tried to convince him for taking the treatment but his still refusing. The nurses have to respect the patient dignity and choices. This case study

Summary of Management Consultancy

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY SERVICES BY CPAs Introduction to the World of Consulting * Consultants are not all CPAs. Anyone can be a consultant. However, to prosper in consultancy, one has to have the expertise. The most compelling nonmonetary reasons people enter the consulting field are: 1. Sharing their knowledge to help their clients. 2. Building business network and take a step up in one’s corporate career. 3. Having no boss, being independent and making their own decisions. 4. No fear of being laid off. 5. Having a flexible source of income. 6. A means of giving back to the community by providing expertise and assistance in community-based projects. Evolution of MAS The primary factors that contributed to the emergence and growth of management consultancy are: 1. Growth in size and complexity of business. 2. Difficulty in conducting and managing a business. 3. Greater competition among businesses so that new management techniques will have to be applied. 4. Recognition of the importance of accurate and timely information in decision-making. 5. Inability to have a complete line-up of professional management. Developing Trends Management consultancy now specializes in information systems, automated offices, financial analysis and modeling budgeting and cost controls, organization structures, personnel compensation, strategic planning and a host of other areas. * Another trend has been the improvement of business education. * The quality undergraduate and graduate programs in business are producing better-trained entrants into the ranks of management consulting profession. As a result of this infusion, management consulting is becoming a catalyst for advancement of better management concepts and techniques. Technological developments have occurred at a breathtaking pace in such areas as information sciences and decision sciences. * Computer hardware and software, together with data communication and robotics represent powerful tools for business management. Future Prospects A veteran management consultant makes the following predictions: 1. Management consulting will become even more specialized. 2. The consultant’s orientation will be towards being an insight-provider, creator and sharer of information. 3. Management consulting firms will tend either to remain small or to become quite large. Small firma will prosper by focusing upon narrow areas of specialization while large firms will have to develop and offer a wide range of services to sustain their high costs of operations. 4. As consultants grow in number, they will develop more sophisticated means of marketing their services. 5. Bright graduates of accounting, management and business schools will continue to be attracted to careers in management consulting. The Consulting Industry Most definitions of consultancy would include: . Information technology 2. Consulting and system integration 3. Corporate strategy 4. Operations management 5. Human resources management 6. Outsourcing The Main Types of Consultant Firms 1. IT Firms (for example, IBM’s purchase of PwC Consulting) – to increase revenue 2. Accounting firms offering consultancy 3. Major Consulting Only Firms 4. Independents Professional bodies such as PICPA off er professional training and accreditation and provide a forum for all-important networking. Career in Consulting Firms (in ascending order of seniority) 1. Analyst – responsible for gathering information and processing it for the consulting team. 2. Consultants – undertake the evaluation of the client business and make recommendations on its behalf. 3. Senior Consultant or Managers – more experienced consultants that have the responsibility of leading a consulting team. – would typically have 3-5 years of consulting experience. – would be more involved in dealing with members of the client team. 4. Business Development Managers – are responsible for developing the firm’s products and building its relationship with clients. would be involved in some large, complex consulting projects at a strategic level. – most would have 5-10 years of consulting experience. 5. Directors (or Partners) – are the most experienced consultants, who take on responsibility for the development of the organization as a whole and who lead its strategic development. – would maintain contacts wi th senior personnel in the client companies and would have overall responsibility for projects. – would have 10+ years of consulting experience. Nature of MAS by Independent Accounting Firms Management Advisory Services (MAS) by independent accounting firms can be described as the function of providing professional advisory (consulting) services, the primary purpose of which is to improve the client’s use of its capabilities and resources to achieve the objectives of the organization. Management Consultancy can also be described as an independent and objective advisory service provided by qualified persons to clients in order to help them identify and analyze management problems and opportunities. 2 types of encounters with clients: . Consultation- providing advice and information during a short time frame. The advice will be definitive when the consultant is fully aware of the situation and possesses sufficient expertise to require more intensive study or investigation. 2. Engagement- consists of that form of management advisory or consulting service in which an analytical approach and process is applied in a study or project. This approach typically involves: a. Ascertaining the pertinent facts and circumstances b. Seeking and identifying objectives c. Defining the problem or opportunity for improvement d. Evaluating and determining the possible solutions e. Present findings and recommendations f. Implementing the solution, if appropriate And following the client’s decisions to proceed, the independent accounting firm may also be involved in: a. Planning and scheduling actions to achieve the desired results, and b. Advising and providing technical assistance in implementing In combination with knowledge and experience in such areas as: a. Organization and management methods b. Office and management functions c. Systems and procedures d. Data processing methods e. Quantitative methods f. Financial management To produce solutions such as: * A management information system * A sales reporting system * A cost accounting system * A work measurement program * Improved production control * An organization plan with statements of duties and responsibilities, or * An electronic data processing system Rationale of Using Management Consultants A management consultant is hired for at least four valuable reasons: 1. Independent Viewpoint This enables him to see the true nature of the problems and distinguish between feasible and infeasible solutions. Since, he is not involved in the internal policies of his clients, his suggestions are considered unbiased. 2. Professional Advisor and Counselor Business firms generally prefer CPA consultants because of their academic training and examination requirement for the CPA certificate. 3. Temporary Professional Service The use of consultants will be probably less expensive to the company than hiring new managers or employees to provide professional advisory services. . Agent of Change In providing solutions to the client’s problem, changes may have to be made to the organizational structures, to procedures and to job responsibilities. Independent Accounting Firm’s Role in MAS â€Å"To provide advice and technical assistance which should provide for client participation in the analytical approach and process. Specifying this as the proper role recognizes both th e appropriate place of MAS and the realities of practice. This is the only basis on which the work should permit it to be done. * The accounting firm should avoid making management decisions or taking positions that might impair the firm’s objectivity. CPA’s Objective in Engaging in MAS â€Å"To utilize the essential qualifications it has available to provide advice and technical assistance which will enable client management to conduct its affairs more effectively. † Essential Qualifications: 1. Technical competence 2. Familiarity with the client’s finance and control systems and his business problems. 3. Analytical ability and experience in problem solving. 4. Professional independence, objectivity and integrity.